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File Structure

Installed Apps

/usr/local/ for your user profile /opt/ for shared users

Installing Apps

  1. Download your app (*.tar.gz) from a reputable website.
  2. Unpack the .tar.gz file you downloaded to an appropriate location (see File Structure above).
  3. Execute the *.sh file.

Package Manager

A cheat sheet of the package manager name and usage options for each platform.

Description Ubuntu Arch Fedora
Package Manager apt pacman
yay		 dnf
Package Details pacman -si
Update Packages apt update && apt upgrade pacman -Syu dnf update
Find Package apt search pkg pacman -S pkg
yay pkg		 dnf search pkg
Install apt install pkg pacman -Ss pkg
yay pkg		 dnf install pkg
Uninstall apt remove pkg pacman -Rsu pkg
yay -R pkg		 dnf remove pkg
Package No Longer in Repos pacman -Qm
Remove Depencencies apt autoremove pacman -Qtdq | sudo pacman -Rns - dnf autoremove
Remove Package Cache pacman -Scc

Useful Commands

Command to locate a file. To search for a file that contains two or more words, use an asterisk (*).

history

Review the commands you’ve entered before.

history

locate

Find files by name by ignoring case.

locate -i school*note

find

To find files in the current directory.

find . -name notes.txt

To look for directories.

/ -type d -name notes. txt

head

View the first 1o lines of a text file.

head

tail

View the last 10 lines of a text file.

tail

diff

Compares the contents of two files line by line. After analyzing the files, it will output the lines that do not match.

diff

ps

Find running processes.

 ps -ef | grep nginx

tar

Create a tar.gz file

tar -czvf file.tar.gz directory

scp

Secure copy files to a remote server.

scp file.tar.gz user@server_name:/folder_path/

Network Tools (net-tools)

sudo apt install net-tools

netstat

Report on network connections. For example, good way to find programs listening for TCP connections on the system (e.g., Apache, Nginx).

netstat -tlp
  • -t TCP protocols
  • -n Numbers (e.g., for ports)
  • -l Active listeners
  • -p Program names

ifconfig

Configure network adapters and interfaces.

sudo ifconfig eth0 down
sudo ifconfig eth0 hw ether xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx
sudo ifconfig eth0 up

System Diagnostic Tools

journalctl

To print log entries from systemd

dmesg

Print the kernel messages.

dmesg

lspci

List of all PCI components.

lscpi

lshw

List of all hardware components.

lshw -C video

df

A report on the system’s disk space usage. Use -m option to report in MB.

df -m

du

How much space a file or a directory takes.

du