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<pre class=metadata>
Title: WebDriver BiDi
Shortname: webdriver-bidi
Level: None
Status: ED
Group: browser-testing-tools
URL: https://w3c.github.io/webdriver-bidi/
TR: https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver-bidi/
Repository: w3c/webdriver-bidi
Editor: James Graham, Mozilla https://www.mozilla.org, w3cid 40334
Editor: Alex Rudenko, Google https://www.google.com, w3cid 141088
Editor: Maksim Sadym, Google https://www.google.com, w3cid 128970
Abstract: This document defines the BiDirectional WebDriver Protocol, a mechanism for remote control of user agents.
Boilerplate: conformance no
Complain About: accidental-2119 yes, missing-example-ids yes
Default Ref Status: current
Indent: 2
Implementation Report: https://wpt.fyi/results/webdriver/tests/bidi
Test Suite: https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt/tree/master/webdriver/tests/bidi
!Channel: <a href="https://www.w3.org/wiki/IRC">#webdriver on irc.w3.org</a>
!Wiki: <a href="https://www.w3.org/wiki/WebDriver">W3C WebDriver Wiki</a>
</pre>
<pre class=anchors>
spec: RFC6455; urlPrefix: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6455
type: dfn
text: WebSocket URI; url: section-3
text: Establishes a WebSocket Connection; url: section-4.1
text: Server-Side Requirements; url: section-4.2
text: Reading the Client's Opening Handshake; url: section-4.2.1
text: %x1 denotes a text frame; url: section-5.2
text: Send a WebSocket Message; url: section-6.1
text: A WebSocket Message Has Been Received; url: section-6.2
text: Start The WebSocket Closing Handshake; url: section-7.1.2
text: The WebSocket Closing Handshake is Started; url: section-7.1.3
text: The WebSocket Connection is Closed; url: section-7.1.4
text: Fail the WebSocket Connection; url: section-7.1.7
text: Status Codes; url: section-7.4
text: Handling Errors in UTF-8-Encoded Data; url: section-8.1
spec: RFC8610; urlPrefix: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8610
type: dfn
text: match a CDDL specification; url: appendix-C
spec: RFC6265
type: dfn
text: Cookie; url: https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc6265.html
text: Cookie store; url: https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc6265.html#storage-model
spec: RFC6265bis; urlPrefix: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-rfc6265bis-05
type: dfn
text: Lax; url: section-4.1.2.7
text: Strict; url: section-4.1.2.7
spec: WEBDRIVER; urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/
type: dfn
text: WebDriver new session algorithm; url: dfn-webdriver-new-session-algorithms
text: actions; url: actions
text: actions options; url: dfn-actions-options
text: active sessions; url: dfn-active-sessions
text: additional WebDriver capability; url: dfn-additional-webdriver-capability
text: additional capability deserialization algorithm; url: dfn-additional-capability-deserialization-algorithm
text: capability name; url: dfn-capability-name
text: close the session; url: dfn-close-the-session
text: cookie domain; url: dfn-cookie-domain
text: cookie expiry time; url: dfn-cookie-expiry-time
text: cookie HTTP only; url: dfn-cookie-http-only
text: cookie name; url: dfn-cookie-name
text: cookie path; url: dfn-cookie-path
text: cookie same site; url: dfn-cookie-same-site
text: cookie secure only; url: dfn-cookie-secure-only
text: cookie value; url: dfn-cookie-value
text: create a cookie; url: dfn-creating-a-cookie
text: create a session; url: dfn-create-a-session
text: dispatch actions; url: dfn-dispatch-actions
text: dispatch tick actions; url: dfn-dispatch-tick-actions
text: draw a bounding box from the framebuffer; url: dfn-draw-a-bounding-box-from-the-framebuffer
text: endpoint node; url: dfn-endpoint-node
text: error code; url: dfn-error-code
text: error; url: errors
text: extract an action sequence; url: dfn-extract-an-action-sequence
text: get a node; url: dfn-get-a-node
text: get element origin; url: dfn-get-element-origin
text: get or create a node reference; url: dfn-get-or-create-a-node-reference
text: get the input state; url: dfn-get-the-input-state
text: getting a property; url: dfn-getting-properties
text: http session; url: dfn-http-session
text: input cancel list; url: dfn-input-cancel-list
text: intermediary node; url: dfn-intermediary-nodes
text: invalid argument; url: dfn-invalid-argument
text: invalid selector; url: dfn-invalid-selector
text: invalid session id; url: dfn-invalid-session-id
text: is element origin; url: dfn-is-element-origin
text: local end; url: dfn-local-ends
text: matched capability serialization algorithm; url: dfn-matched-capability-serialization-algorithm
text: maximum active sessions; url: dfn-maximum-active-sessions
text: no such alert; url: dfn-no-such-alert
text: no such element; url: dfn-no-such-element
text: no such frame; url: dfn-no-such-frame
text: parse a page range; url: dfn-parse-a-page-range
text: handler; for: prompt handler configuration; url: dfn-handler
text: process capabilities; url: dfn-capabilities-processing
text: readiness state; url: dfn-readiness-state
text: remote end steps; url: dfn-remote-end-steps
text: remote end; url: dfn-remote-ends
text: reset the input state; url: dfn-reset-the-input-state
text: scroll into view; url: dfn-scrolls-into-view
text: session ID; url: dfn-session-id
text: session not created; url: dfn-session-not-created
text: session; url: dfn-sessions
text: set a property; url: dfn-set-a-property
text: success; url: dfn-success
text: table for cookie conversion; url: dfn-table-for-cookie-conversion
text: try; url: dfn-try
text: trying; url: dfn-try
text: unable to capture screen; url: dfn-unable-to-capture-screen
text: unknown command; url: dfn-unknown-command
text: unknown error; url: dfn-unknown-error
text: unsupported operation; url: dfn-unsupported-operation
text: web element reference; url: dfn-web-element-reference
text: webdriver-active flag; url: dfn-webdriver-active-flag
text: window handle; url: dfn-window-handles
spec: CONSOLE; urlPrefix: https://console.spec.whatwg.org
type: dfn
text: formatter; url: formatter
text: formatting specifier; url: formatting-specifiers
text: printer; url: printer
spec: ECMASCRIPT; urlPrefix: https://tc39.es/ecma262/
type: dfn
text: Array; url: sec-array-objects
text: Await; url: await
text: BigInt; url: sec-bigint-constructor
text: Call; url: sec-call
text: Completion Record; url: sec-completion-record-specification-type
text: Construct; url: sec-construct
text: CreateArrayFromList; url: sec-createarrayfromlist
text: CreateArrayIterator; url: sec-createarrayiterator
text: CreateBuiltinFunction; url: sec-createbuiltinfunction
text: CreateListFromArrayLike; url: sec-createlistfromarraylike
text: CreateMapIterator; url: sec-createmapiterator
text: CreateSetIterator; url: sec-createsetiterator
text: Date Time String Format; url: sec-date-time-string-format
text: Date.prototype.toISOString; url: sec-date.prototype.toisostring
text: Date; url: sec-date-constructor
text: EnumerableOwnPropertyNames; url: sec-enumerableownpropertynames
text: Get; url: sec-get-o-p
text: GetIterator; url: sec-getiterator
text: HasProperty; url: sec-hasproperty
text: IsArray; url: sec-isarray
text: IsCallable; url: sec-iscallable
text: IsPromise; url: sec-ispromise
text: IsRegExp; url: sec-isregexp
text: IteratorToList; url: sec-iteratortolist
text: LengthOfArrayLike; url: sec-lengthofarraylike
text: Map; url: #sec-map-iterable; for: constructor
text: Number; url: sec-number-constructor
text: Object.fromEntries; url: sec-object.fromentries
text: Object; url: sec-object-objects
text: RegExp; url: sec-regexp-pattern-flags
text: ScriptEvaluation; url: sec-runtime-semantics-scriptevaluation
text: Set object; url: sec-set-objects
text: String; url: sec-string-constructor
text: StringToBigInt; url: sec-stringtobigint
text: StringToNumber; url: sec-stringtonumber
text: ToString; url: sec-tostring
text: Type; url: sec-ecmascript-data-types-and-values
text: abrupt completion; url: sec-completion-record-specification-type
text: boolean; url: sec-terms-and-definitions-boolean-value
text: current realm record; url: current-realm
text: internal slot; url: sec-object-internal-methods-and-internal-slots
text: null; url: sec-null-value
text: primitive ECMAScript value; url: sec-primitive-value
text: realm; url: sec-code-realms
text: running execution context; url: running-execution-context
text: throw completion; url: sec-completion-record-specification-type
text: test; url: #sec-regexp.prototype.test
text: time value; url: sec-time-values-and-time-range
text: undefined; url: sec-undefined-value
spec: GEOMETRY; urlPrefix: https://drafts.fxtf.org/geometry/
type: dfn
text: rectangle; url: rectangle
text: x coordinate; url: rectangle-x-coordinate
text: y coordinate; url: rectangle-y-coordinate
text: width dimension; url: rectangle-width-dimension
text: height dimension; url: rectangle-height-dimension
spec: HTML; urlPrefix: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
type: dfn
text: 2D context creation algorithm; url: canvas.html#2d-context-creation-algorithm
text: 2D; url: canvas.html#concept-canvas-2d
text: a serialization of the bitmap as a file; url: canvas.html#a-serialisation-of-the-bitmap-as-a-file
text: activation notification; url: interaction.html#activation-notification
text: active window; url: document-sequences.html#nav-window
text: alert; url: timers-and-user-prompts.html#dom-alert
text: close; url: document-sequences.html#close-a-top-level-traversable
text: disabled; url: form-control-infrastructure.html#concept-fe-disabled
text: File Upload state; url: input.html#file-upload-state-(type=file)
text: confirm; url: timers-and-user-prompts.html#dom-confirm
text: context mode; url: /canvas.html#offscreencanvas-context-mode
text: create a classic script; url: webappapis.html#creating-a-classic-script
text: create a new browsing context; url: browsers.html#creating-a-new-browsing-context
text: create a new top-level traversable; url: document-sequences.html#creating-a-new-top-level-traversable
text: default script fetch options; url: webappapis.html#default-script-fetch-options
text: default view; url: nav-history-apis.html#dom-document-defaultview
text: descendant navigables; url: document-sequences.html#descendant-navigables
text: environment settings object's Realm; url: webappapis.html#environment-settings-object's-realm
text: focused area of the document; url: interaction.html#focused-area-of-the-document
text: getting all used history steps; url:browsing-the-web.html#getting-all-used-history-steps
text: hidden; url: document-sequences.html#system-visibility-state
text: history handling behavior; url: browsing-the-web.html#history-handling-behavior
text: innerText getter steps; url:dom.html#dom-innertext
text: input type; url: input.html#dom-input-type
text: navigable; for:window; url: nav-history-apis.html#window-navigable
text: navigables; url: document-sequences.html#navigables
text: navigation id; url: browsing-the-web.html#navigation-id
text: origin-clean; url: canvas.html#concept-canvas-origin-clean
text: parent; for:navigable; url: document-sequences.html#nav-parent
text: prompt to unload; url: browsing-the-web.html#prompt-to-unload-a-document
text: prompt; url: timers-and-user-prompts.html#dom-prompt
text: report an error; url: webappapis.html#report-the-error
text: run the animation frame callbacks; url: imagebitmap-and-animations.html#run-the-animation-frame-callbacks
text: same origin domain; url: browsers.html#same-origin-domain
text: select an image source from a source set; url: images.html#select-an-image-source-from-a-source-set
text: selected files; url: input.html#concept-input-type-file-selected
text: session history entry; url: browsing-the-web.html#session-history-entry
text: session history traversal queue; url: document-sequences.html#tn-session-history-traversal-queue
text: session history; url: history.html#session-history
text: set up a window environment settings object; url: nav-history-apis.html#set-up-a-window-environment-settings-object
text: set up a worker environment settings object; url: workers.html#set-up-a-worker-environment-settings-object
text: set up a worklet environment settings object; url: worklets.html#set-up-a-worklet-environment-settings-object
text: shared worker; url: workers.html#shared-workers
text: system visibility state; url: document-sequences.html#system-visibility-state
text: traversable navigable; url:document-sequences.html#traversable-navigable
text: traverse the history by a delta; url: browsing-the-web.html#traverse-the-history-by-a-delta
text: update the file selection; url: input.html#update-the-file-selection
text: visible; url: document-sequences.html#system-visibility-state
text: worker event loop; url: webappapis.html#worker-event-loop-2
text: worklet global scopes; url:worklets.html#concept-document-worklet-global-scopes
spec: INFRA; urlPrefix: https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/
type: dfn
text: convert a JSON-derived JavaScript value to an Infra value; url: convert-a-json-derived-javascript-value-to-an-infra-value
spec: RESOURCE-TIMING; urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/resource-timing/
type: dfn
text: convert fetch timestamp; url: dfn-convert-fetch-timestamp
spec: HR-TIME; urlPrefix: https://w3c.github.io/hr-time/
type: dfn
text: get time origin timestamp; url: dfn-get-time-origin-timestamp
spec: RFC4648; urlPrefix: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4648
type: dfn
text: Base64 Encode; url: section-4
spec: CSS-VALUES-3; urlPrefix: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/
type: dfn
text: absolute lengths; url: #absolute-lengths
spec: CSSOM-VIEW; urlPrefix: https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/
type: dfn
text: CSS pixel; url: #dom-window-devicepixelratio
text: evaluate media queries and report changes; url: #evaluate-media-queries-and-report-changes
text: layout viewport; url: #layout-viewport
text: scroll height; url: #dom-element-scrollheight
text: scroll width; url: #dom-element-scrollwidth
text: visual viewport page left; url: #dom-visualviewport-pageleft
text: visual viewport page top; url: #dom-visualviewport-pagetop
text: visual viewport; url: #visual-viewport
text: web-exposed screen area; url: #web-exposed-screen-area
spec: DOM; urlPrefix: https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/
type: dfn
text: root; url: #concept-tree-root
text: document element; url: #ref-for-dom-document-documentelement
text: evaluate; url: #dom-xpathevaluatorbase-evaluate
text: ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE; url: #dom-xpathresult-ordered_node_snapshot_type
text: snapshotItem; url: #dom-xpathresult-snapshotitem
spec: FULLSCREEN; urlPrefix: https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/
type: dfn
text: fullscreen an element; url: #fullscreen-an-element
text: fullscreen is supported; url: #fullscreen-is-supported
text: fully exit fullscreen; url: #fully-exit-fullscreen
spec: SELECTORS4; urlPrefix: https://drafts.csswg.org/selectors-4/
type: dfn
text: match a selector against a tree; url: #match-a-selector-against-a-tree
text: parse a selector; url: #parse-a-selector
text: scoping root; url: #scoping-root
spec: WEB-IDL; urlPrefix: https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/
type: dfn
text: DOMException; url: #idl-DOMException
text: SyntaxError; url:#syntaxerror
spec: UNICODE; urlPrefix: https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/
type: dfn
text: Unicode Default Case Conversion algorithm; url: ch03.pdf#G34944
text: toUppercase; url: ch03.pdf#G34078
spec: ACCNAME; urlPrefix:https://www.w3.org/TR/accname-1.2
type: dfn
text: accessible name; url: /#dfn-accessible-name
spec: CORE-AAM; urlPrefix:https://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.2
type: dfn
text: computed role; url: /#roleMappingComputedRole
spec: MEDIAQUERIES4; urlPrefix: https://drafts.csswg.org/mediaqueries-4/
type: dfn
text: resolution media feature; url: #resolution
spec: RFC9110; urlPrefix: https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9110.html
type: dfn
text: field-name token; url: #fields.names
text: method token; url: #method.overview
</pre>
<pre class="biblio">
{
"SAME-SITE-COOKIES": {
"authors": ["Mike West", "Mark Goodwin"],
"href": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site",
"publisher": "IETF",
"title": "Same-Site Cookies"
}
}
</pre>
<style>
var {
color: #cd5c5c
}
/**
* Emulate the appearace of the so-called "simple" table provided by ReSpec, as
* used in WebDriver Classic.
*/
table.respec-simple {
border-spacing: 0;
border-collapse: collapse;
border-bottom: 3px solid #005a9c;
}
table.respec-simple th {
background: #005a9c;
color: #fff;
padding: 3px 5px;
text-align: left;
}
table.respec-simple tr:nth-child(2n) {
background: #f0f6ff;
}
table.respec-simple td {
padding: 3px 10px;
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
}
</style>
# Introduction # {#intro}
<em>This section is non-normative.</em>
[[WEBDRIVER|WebDriver]] defines a protocol for introspection and
remote control of user agents. This specification extends WebDriver by
introducing bidirectional communication. In place of the strict
command/response format of WebDriver, this permits events to stream
from the user agent to the controlling software, better matching the
evented nature of the browser DOM.
# Infrastructure # {#infrastructure}
This specification depends on the Infra Standard. [[!INFRA]]
Network protocol messages are defined using CDDL. [[!RFC8610]]
This specification defines a <dfn>wait queue</dfn> which is a [=/map=].
Issue: Surely there's a better mechanism for doing this "wait for an event" thing.
<div algorithm>
When an algorithm |algorithm| running [=in parallel=] <dfn export>awaits</dfn> a set of
events |events|, and |resume id|:
1. Pause the execution of |algorithm|.
1. Assert: [=wait queue=] does not contain |resume id|.
1. Set [=wait queue=][|resume id|] to (|events|, |algorithm|).
</div>
<div algorithm>
To <dfn export>resume</dfn> given |name|, |id| and |parameters|:
1. If [=wait queue=] does not contain |id|, return.
1. Let (|events|, |algorithm|) be [=wait queue=][|id|]
1. For each |event| in |events|:
1. If |event| equals |name|:
1. Remove |id| from [=wait queue=].
1. Resume running the steps in |algorithm| from the
point at which they were paused, passing |name| and |parameters| as the
result of the [=await=].
Issue: Should we have something like microtasks to ensure this runs
before any other tasks on the event loop?
</div>
# Protocol # {#protocol}
This section defines the basic concepts of the WebDriver BiDi
protocol. These terms are distinct from their representation at the
<a href=#transport>transport</a> layer.
The protocol is defined using a [[!RFC8610|CDDL]] definition. For the
convenience of implementers two separate CDDL definitions are defined; the
<dfn export>remote end definition</dfn> which defines the format of messages produced
on the [=local end=] and consumed on the [=remote end=], and the <dfn export>local end
definition</dfn> which defines the format of messages produced on the [=remote end=]
and consumed on the [=local end=]
## Definition ## {#protocol-definition}
Issue: Should this be an appendix?
This section gives the initial contents of the [=remote end definition=] and
[=local end definition=]. These are augmented by the definition fragments defined in
the remainder of the specification.
[=Remote end definition=]
<pre class="cddl remote-cddl">
Command = {
id: js-uint,
CommandData,
Extensible,
}
CommandData = (
BrowserCommand //
BrowsingContextCommand //
InputCommand //
NetworkCommand //
ScriptCommand //
SessionCommand //
StorageCommand //
WebExtensionCommand
)
EmptyParams = {
Extensible
}
</pre>
[=Local end definition=]
<pre class="cddl local-cddl">
Message = (
CommandResponse /
ErrorResponse /
Event
)
CommandResponse = {
type: "success",
id: js-uint,
result: ResultData,
Extensible
}
ErrorResponse = {
type: "error",
id: js-uint / null,
error: ErrorCode,
message: text,
? stacktrace: text,
Extensible
}
ResultData = (
BrowsingContextResult /
EmptyResult /
NetworkResult /
ScriptResult /
SessionResult /
StorageResult /
WebExtensionResult
)
EmptyResult = {
Extensible
}
Event = {
type: "event",
EventData,
Extensible
}
EventData = (
BrowsingContextEvent //
LogEvent //
NetworkEvent //
ScriptEvent
)
</pre>
[=Remote end definition=] and [=Local end definition=]
<pre class="cddl remote-cddl local-cddl">
Extensible = (*text => any)
js-int = -9007199254740991..9007199254740991
js-uint = 0..9007199254740991
</pre>
## Session ## {#session}
WebDriver BiDi extends the [=/session=] concept from [[WEBDRIVER|WebDriver]].
A [=/session=] has a <dfn>BiDi flag</dfn>, which is false unless otherwise
stated.
A <dfn export>BiDi session</dfn> is a [=/session=] which has the [=BiDi flag=]
set to true.
<div algorithm>
The list of <dfn export>active BiDi sessions</dfn> is given by:
1. Let |BiDi sessions| be a new [=/list=].
1. For each |session| in [=active sessions=]:
1. If |session| is a [=BiDi session=] append |session| to |BiDi sessions|.
1. Return |BiDi sessions|.
</div>
## Modules ## {#protocol-modules}
The WebDriver BiDi protocol is organized into modules.
Each <dfn export>module</dfn> represents a collection of related
[=commands=] and [=events=] pertaining to a certain aspect of the user
agent. For example, a module might contain functionality for inspecting and
manipulating the DOM, or for script execution.
Each module has a <dfn for=module export>module name</dfn> which is a string. The
[=command name=] and [=event name=] for commands and events defined in the
module start with the [=module name=] followed by a period "<code>.</code>".
Modules which contain [=commands=] define [=remote end definition=]
fragments. These provide choices in the <code>CommandData</code> group for the
module's [=commands=], and can also define additional definition properties. They
can also define [=local end definition=] fragments that provide additional choices
in the <code>ResultData</code> group for the results of commands in the module.
Modules which contain events define [=local end definition=] fragments that are
choices in the <code>Event</code> group for the module's [=events=].
An implementation may define <dfn export>extension modules</dfn>. These must have a
[=module name=] that contains a single colon "<code>:</code>" character. The
part before the colon is the prefix; this is typically the same for all
[=extension modules=] specific to a given implementation and should be unique for a
given implementation.
Other specifications may define their own WebDriver-BiDi modules that extend the protocol.
Such modules must not have a name which contains a colon (<code>:</code>) character,
nor must they define [=command names=], [=event names=], or property names that contain that character.
Authors of external specifications are encouraged to to add new modules rather than extending
existing ones. Where it is desired to extend an existing module, it is preferred to integrate the
extension directly into the specification containing the original module definition.
## Commands ## {#commands}
A <dfn export>command</dfn> is an asynchronous operation, requested by
the [=local end=] and run on the [=remote end=], resulting in either a
result or an error being returned to the [=local end=]. Multiple
commands can run at the same time, and commands can potentially be
long-running. As a consequence, commands can finish out-of-order.
Each [=command=] is defined by:
- A <dfn export for=command>command type</dfn> which is defined by a [=remote end definition=]
fragment containing a group. Each such group has two fields:
- <code>method</code> which is a string literal of the form <code>[module
name].[method name]</code>. This is the <dfn export for=command>command
name</dfn>.
- <code>params</code> which defines a mapping containing data that to be passed into
the command. The populated value of this map is the
<dfn export for=command>command parameters</dfn>.
- A <dfn export for=command>result type</dfn>, which is defined by a [=local
end definition=] fragment.
- A set of [=remote end steps=] which define the actions to take for a command
given a [=BiDi session=] and [=command parameters=] and return an
instance of the command [=result type=].
A command that can run without an active session is a <dfn export>static
command</dfn>. Commands are not static commands unless stated in their
definition.
When commands are sent from the [=local end=] they have a command id. This is an
identifier used by the [=local end=] to identify the response from a particular
command. From the point of view of the [=remote end=] this identifier is opaque
and cannot be used internally to identify the command.
Note: This is because the command id is entirely controlled by the [=local end=]
and isn't necessarily unique over the course of a session. For example a [=local
end=] which ignores all responses could use the same command id for each command.
The <dfn export>set of all command names</dfn> is a [=/set=] containing
all the defined [=command names=], including any belonging to [=extension
modules=].
## Errors ## {#errors}
WebDriver BiDi extends the set of [=error codes=] from [[WEBDRIVER|WebDriver]]
with the following additional codes:
<dl>
<dt><dfn for=errors export>invalid web extension</dfn>
<dd>Tried to install an invalid web extension.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such client window</dfn>
<dd>Tried to interact with an unknown [=client window=].
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such handle</dfn>
<dd>Tried to deserialize an unknown <code>RemoteObjectReference</code>.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such history entry</dfn>
<dd>Tried to havigate to an unknown [=session history entry=].
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such intercept</dfn>
<dd>Tried to remove an unknown [=network intercept=].
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such node</dfn>
<dd>Tried to deserialize an unknown <code>SharedReference</code>.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such request</dfn>
<dd>Tried to continue an unknown [=/request=].
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such script</dfn>
<dd>Tried to remove an unknown [=preload script=].
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such storage partition</dfn>
<dd>Tried to access data in a non-existent storage partition.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such user context</dfn>
<dd>Tried to reference an unknown [=user context=].
<dt><dfn for=errors export>no such web extension</dfn>
<dd>Tried to reference an unknown web extension.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>unable to close browser</dfn>
<dd>Tried to close the browser, but failed to do so.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>unable to set cookie</dfn>
<dd>Tried to create a cookie, but the user agent rejected it.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>underspecified storage partition</dfn>
<dd>Tried to interact with data in a storage partition which was not adequately specified.
<dt><dfn for=errors export>unable to set file input</dfn>
<dd>Tried to set a file input, but failed to do so.
</dl>
<pre class="cddl local-cddl">
ErrorCode = "invalid argument" /
"invalid selector" /
"invalid session id" /
"invalid web extension" /
"move target out of bounds" /
"no such alert" /
"no such element" /
"no such frame" /
"no such handle" /
"no such history entry" /
"no such intercept" /
"no such node" /
"no such request" /
"no such script" /
"no such storage partition" /
"no such user context" /
"no such web extension" /
"session not created" /
"unable to capture screen" /
"unable to close browser" /
"unable to set cookie" /
"unable to set file input" /
"underspecified storage partition" /
"unknown command" /
"unknown error" /
"unsupported operation"
</pre>
## Events ## {#events}
An <dfn export>event</dfn> is a notification, sent by the [=remote end=]
to the [=local end=], signaling that something of interest has
occurred on the [=remote end=].
- An <dfn export for=event>event type</dfn> is defined by a [=local
end definition=] fragment containing a group. Each such group has two fields:
- <code>method</code> which is a string literal of the form <code>[module
name].[event name]</code>. This is the <dfn export for=event>event
name</dfn>.
- <code>params</code> which defines a mapping containing event data. The
populated value of this map is the <dfn export for=event>event
parameters</code>.
- A <dfn for=event export>remote end event trigger</dfn> which defines when the
event is triggered and steps to construct the [=event type=] data.
- Optionally, a set of <dfn for=event export>remote end subscribe steps</dfn>,
which define steps to take when a local end subscribes to an event. Where
defined these steps have an associated <dfn for=event export>subscribe
priority</dfn> which is an integer controlling the order in which the steps
are run when multiple events are enabled at once, with lower integers
indicating steps that run earlier.
A [=BiDi session=] has <dfn for=event>subscriptions</dfn> which is a [=/list=] of [=subscriptions=].
A [=BiDi session=] has a <dfn for=event>known subscription ids</dfn> which is a [=/set=] of
all [=subscription/subscription ids=] that have been issued to the [=local end=] but which have not yet been unsubscribed.
A <dfn for=event>subscription</dfn> is a [=/struct=] consisting of a
<dfn for=subscription>subscription id</dfn> (a string),
<dfn for=subscription>event names</dfn> (a [=/set=] of event names)
and <dfn for=subscription>top-level traversable ids</dfn> (a [=/set=] of IDs of [=/top-level traversables=]).
A [=subscription=] |subscription| is <dfn for="subscription">global</dfn>
if |subscription|'s [=subscription/top-level traversable ids=] is an empty set.
<div algorithm>
The <dfn export>set of sessions for which an event is enabled</dfn> given |event name| and |navigables| is:
1. Let |sessions| be a new [=/set=].
1. For each |session| in [=active BiDI sessions=]:
1. If [=event is enabled=] with |session|, |event name| and |navigables|,
append |session| to |sessions|.
1. Return |sessions|.
</div>
<div algorithm>
To determine if an <dfn export>event is enabled</dfn> given |session|,
|event name| and |navigables|:
Note: |navigables| is a set because a [=shared worker=] can be associated
with multiple contexts.
1. Let |top-level traversables| be [=get top-level traversables=] with |navigables|.
1. For each |subscription| in |session|'s [=subscriptions=]:
1. If |subscription|'s [=subscription/event names=] do not [=set/contains=] |event name|, [=continue=].
1. If |subscription| is [=subscription/global=] return true.
1. Let |subscription top-level traversables| be [=get navigables by ids=] with |subscription|'s [=subscription/top-level traversable ids=].
1. If the [=set/intersection=] of |top-level traversables| and
|subscription top-level traversables| is not [=list/empty=] return true.
1. Return false.
</div>
<div algorithm>
The <dfn export>set of top-level traversables for which an event is enabled</dfn>
given |event name| and |session| is:
1. Let |result| be a new [=/set=].
1. For each |subscription| in |session|'s [=subscriptions=]:
1. If |subscription|'s [=subscription/event names=] [=set/contains|does not contain=] |event name|,
[=continue=].
1. If |subscription|'s is [=subscription/global=]:
1. For each |traversable| in remote end's [=/top-level traversables=]:
1. [=set/Append=] |traversable| to |result|.
1. [=Break=].
1. Otherwise:
1. Let |top-level traversables| be [=get navigables by ids=] with |subscription|'s [=subscription/top-level traversable ids=].
1. [=set/Append=] each item of |top-level traversables| to |result|.
1. Return |result|.
</div>
<div algorithm>
To <dfn>obtain a set of event names</dfn> given a |name|:
1. Let |events| be an empty [=/set=].
1. If |name| contains a U+002E (period):
1. If |name| is the [=event name=] for an event, append |name| to |events|
and return [=success=] with data |events|.
1. Return an [=error=] with [=error code=] [=invalid argument=]
1. Otherwise |name| is interpreted as representing all the events in a
module. If |name| is not a [=module name=] return an [=error=] with
[=error code=] [=invalid argument=].
1. Append the [=event name=] for each [=event=] in the module with name |name| to
|events|.
1. Return [=success=] with data |events|.
</div>
# Transport # {#transport}
Message transport is provided using the WebSocket protocol.
[[!RFC6455]]
Note: In the terms of the WebSocket protocol, the [=local end=] is the
client and the [=remote end=] is the server / remote host.
Note: The encoding of [=commands=] and [=events=] as messages is
similar to JSON-RPC, but this specification does not normatively
reference it. [[JSON-RPC]] The normative requirements on [=remote ends=]
are instead given as a precise processing model, while no
normative requirements are given for [=local ends=].
A <dfn>WebSocket listener</dfn> is a network endpoint that is able
to accept incoming [[!RFC6455|WebSocket]] connections.
A [=WebSocket listener=] has a <dfn for=listener>host</dfn>, a <dfn
for=listener>port</dfn>, a <dfn for=listener>secure flag</dfn>, and a
<dfn>list of WebSocket resources</dfn>.
When a [=WebSocket listener=] |listener| is created, a [=remote end=]
must start to listen for WebSocket connections on the host and port
given by |listener|'s [=listener/host=] and [=listener/port=]. If
|listener|'s [=listener/secure flag=] is set, then connections
established from |listener| must be TLS encrypted.
A [=remote end=] has a [=/set=] of [=WebSocket listeners=] <dfn>active
listeners</dfn>, which is initially empty.
A [=remote end=] has a [=/set=] of <dfn>WebSocket connections not associated with a
session</dfn>, which is initially empty.
A <dfn>WebSocket connection</dfn> is a network connection that follows the
requirements of the [[!RFC6455|WebSocket protocol]]
A [=BiDi session=] has a [=/set=] of <dfn>session WebSocket
connections</dfn> whose elements are [=WebSocket connections=]. This is
initially empty.
A [=BiDi session=] |session| is <dfn>associated with connection</dfn>
|connection| if |session|'s [=session WebSocket connections=] contains |connection|.
Note: Each [=WebSocket connection=] is associated with at most one [=BiDi
session=].
<div>
When a client [=establishes a WebSocket connection=] |connection| by
connecting to one of the set of [=active listeners=] |listener|, the
implementation must proceed according to the WebSocket [=server-side
requirements=], with the following steps run when deciding whether to
accept the incoming connection:
1. Let |resource name| be the resource name from [=reading the
client's opening handshake=]. If |resource name| is not in
|listener|'s [=list of WebSocket resources=], then stop
running these steps and act as if the requested service is not
available.
1. If |resource name| is the byte string "<code>/session</code>",
and the implementation [=supports BiDi-only sessions=]:
1. Run any other implementation-defined steps to decide if the
connection should be accepted, and if it is not stop running these
steps and act as if the requested service is not available.
1. Add the connection to [=WebSocket connections not associated with a
session=].
1. Return.
1. [=Get a session ID for a WebSocket resource=] with |resource name|
and let |session id| be that value. If |session id| is null then
stop running these steps and act as if the requested service is not
available.
1. If there is a [=/session=] in the list of [=active sessions=] with
|session id| as its [=session ID=] then let |session| be that
session. Otherwise stop running these steps and act as if the
requested service is not available.
1. Run any other implementation-defined steps to decide if the
connection should be accepted, and if it is not stop running these
steps and act as if the requested service is not available.
1. Otherwise append |connection| to |session|'s [=session WebSocket
connections=], and proceed with the WebSocket [=server-side requirements=]
when a server chooses to accept an incoming connection.
Issue: Do we support > 1 connection for a single session?
</div>
When [=a WebSocket message has been received=] for a [=WebSocket
connection=] |connection| with type |type| and data |data|, a [=remote end=]
must [=handle an incoming message=] given |connection|, |type| and |data|.
When [=the WebSocket closing handshake is started=] or when [=the
WebSocket connection is closed=] for a [=WebSocket connection=]
|connection|, a [=remote end=] must [=handle a connection closing=]
given |connection|.
Note: Both conditions are needed because it is possible for a
WebSocket connection to be closed without a closing handshake.
<div algorithm>
To <dfn>construct a WebSocket resource name</dfn>
given a [=/session=] |session|:
1. If |session| is null, return "<code>/session</code>"
1. Return the result of concatenating the string "<code>/session/</code>"
with |session|'s [=session ID=].
</div>
<div algorithm>
To <dfn>construct a WebSocket URL</dfn> given a [=WebSocket listener=]
|listener| and [=/session=] |session|:
1. Let |resource name| be the result of [=construct a WebSocket
resource name=] with |session|.
1. Return a [=WebSocket URI=] constructed with host set to
|listener|'s [=listener/host=], port set to |listener|'s
[=listener/port=], path set to |resource name|, following the wss-URI
construct if |listener|'s [=listener/secure flag=] is set and the ws-URL
construct otherwise.
</div>
<div algorithm>
To <dfn>get a session ID for a WebSocket resource</dfn>
given |resource name|:
1. If |resource name| doesn't begin with the byte string
"<code>/session/</code>", return null.
1. Let |session id| be the bytes in |resource name| following the
"<code>/session/</code>" prefix.
1. If |session id| is not the string representation of a
[[!RFC9562|UUID]], return null.
1. Return |session id|.
</div>
<div algorithm>
To <dfn>start listening for a WebSocket connection</dfn> given a
[=/session=] |session|:
1. If there is an existing [=WebSocket listener=] in [=active listeners=] which
the [=remote end=] would like to reuse, let |listener| be that
listener. Otherwise let |listener| be a new [=WebSocket listener=] with
[=implementation-defined=] [=listener/host=], [=listener/port=],
[=listener/secure flag=], and an empty [=list of WebSocket resources=].
1. Let |resource name| be the result of [=construct a WebSocket
resource name=] with |session|.
1. Append |resource name| to the [=list of WebSocket resources=] for
|listener|.
1. [=set/Append=] |listener| to the [=remote end=]'s [=active
listeners=].
1. Return |listener|.
</div>
Note: An [=intermediary node=] handling multiple sessions can use one
or many WebSocket listeners. [[!WEBDRIVER|WebDriver]] defines that
an [=endpoint node=] supports at most one session at a time, so it's
expected to only have a single listener.
Note: For an [=endpoint node=] the [=listener/host=] in the above steps will
typically be "<code>localhost</code>".
<div algorithm>
To <dfn>handle an incoming message</dfn> given a [=WebSocket connection=]
|connection|, type |type| and data |data|: